Welsh grammar pdf

Fydda in byw yn Llandudno? Indefinite forms As with the imperfect tense, the third person singular is also used for indefinite forms e. The next two tenses - Past and Future - Nos 7, 8, 10, 11 - are called short because they are formes by adding endings on to the stems or roots of the verbs. The Past Tense a. The Affirmative forms These are the endings that are added to the root or stem of all regular verbs.

The stem or root of most verbs is found by dropping the final syllable of the verb-noun: cerdded bwyta prynu dysgu canu. Some stems are irregular dweud cyrraedd aros gwrando gadael cymryd meddwl. I learnt you fam learnt you pol learnt he learnt she learnt Tom learnt. As with the Future Tense in No. Mi ddarllenodd Tom y papur yn y gwely. Fe welodd hir ffilm neithiwr. See below. Ddarllenodd Tom ddim papur yn y gwely. Welodd hi ddim ffilm neithiwr. Wisgais i ddim ffrog newydd ddoe.

As stated above, verbs which begin with c, p or t begin with an Aspirate Mutation in the Negative Past Tense forms. The replies in this tense are the same in all persons: Yes No. Ddysgais -es i? Ddysgais -es t ti? Ddysgoch chi? Ddysgodd hi? Ddysgodd Tom? Did I learn? Did you fam learn? Did you pol learn?

Did he learn? Did she learn? Did Tom learn? Ddarllenodd Tom y papur yn y gwely? Welodd hi ffilm neithiwr? Wisgaist ti ffrog newydd ddoe? Irregular verbs - Past Tense The 5 main irregular verbs in Welsh are: mynd dod gwneud cael bod a.

The Affirmative forms The first three form a group of their own as they follow a similar pattern. Fe ddes i S. Mi ddois i N. Mi ddoist ti N. Mi ddth o N. Fe aeth y plant ir ysgol ar y bws. Mi aethon nhw i chwarae yn y parc ar l yr ysgol. Mi ddaeth Mair adre ddoe. Fe ddaethon ni ir parti mewn tacsi. Fe ddest ti ir gwaith gyda Bill y bore ma.

Mi wnaethon nhwr gwaith ddydd Sadwrn. Fe wnaeth hi gacen i de. Mi wnaethon ni sn. In North Wales, in the spoken language, cael also follows the pattern of the other three irregular verbs Mi ges i Mi gest ti Mi gaethoch chi Mi gaeth o Mi gaeth hi.

Mi ges i gar newydd y llynedd. The exact meaning of the Past Tense of bod to be is difficult to convey as it doesnt exist in English. Fe fues i yng Nghaerdydd ddoe. Mi fuon nhw i Sbaen ym mis Awst. Mi fuodd Gwyn mewn parti nos Sadwrn. The bues forms can also be used with another verb. The exact meaning in English is quite difficult to convey. Mi fuon nin siopa ddoe. Fe fues in chwarae tennis ar l cinio ddydd Sadwrn. The Negative forms The Negatives are formed in exactly the same way as regular verbs.

The Question forms The Questions are formed in exactly the same way as regular verbs. Alternative method of forming conveying the short Past Tense - for all verbs, regular and irregular. Instead of adding endings to the root of each verb as seen in No. The Negative forms Notice that the mutation after the verb now happens on the word dim which becomes ddim - so the word which follows it doesnt need to be mutated in these negative sentences. Wnes i ddim dysgur gwaith. Wnest ti ddim p rynu car newydd eleni - You didnt buy a new car this year.

Wnaeth Tom ddim d od adren gynnar heddiw. Wnaethon ni ddim mynd ir parti. Wnaethoch chi ddim talur bil. Wnaethon nhw ddim cofior gwaith - They didnt remember the work. Wnes i ddysgur gwaith? Wnest ti brynu car newydd eleni? Wnaeth Tom ddod adren gynnar heddiw? Wnaethon ni fynd ir parti?

Wnaethoch chi chi dalur bil? Wnaethon nhw gofior gwaith? This Tense again is formed by adding endings to the stem or root of all regular verbs. As mentioned above in No. The stem or root of a few verbs consists of the whole verb-noun eistedd siarad edrych darllen.

Dysgith o N. Ill learn youll fam learn youll pol learn hell learn hell learn shell learn Tom will learn well learn youll learn the children will learn theyll learn. Mi ddarllenith Tom y papur yn y gwely.

Fe weliff hir ffilm heno. Wisga i ddim ffrog newydd yfory. The replies in this tense are based on the verb gwneud: Ddysga i? Wna i N. Will he learn? Will she learn? Gwneith N. W ill Tom learn? Will we learn? Gwnaf Na wnaf e. Ddarlleniff Tom y papur yn y gwely? Ddarllenith Tom y papur yn y gwely? Welan nhw ffilm heno?

Wisgi di ffrog newydd yfory? Irregular verbs - Future Tense The 5 main irregular verbs in Welsh are: mynd gwneud cael dod bod. Youve already seen the Future forms of the verb bod - used to form the long Future Tense. See No. Fe aiff Tom S.

Fe gaiff Tom S. Fe wnaiff Tom S. Fe aiff y plant ir ysgol ar y bws. Mi n nhw i chwarae yn y parc ar l yr ysgol. Mi gaf fi gar newydd y flwyddyn nesa.. Fe gaiff Beti wobr yn yr eisteddfod. Mi gn nhw salad i swper. Fe wnaiff hi gacen i de. Mi wnawn ni sn. Mi ddaw Mair adre yfory. Fe ddown ni ir parti mewn tacsi. Fe ddoi di ir gwaith gyda Bill. The negative is formed in the usual way by placing Na in front of the affirmative forms.

Ddaw hi adren gynnar or ysgol? Gawn ni gar newydd eleni? Note that the future tense of cael is also used to ask for permission May I? May I go? May I have a drink? May you stay? May Can John have a lifft? Yes you may Na chewch. No you may not Cn. Yes they may Na chn. No they may not. Note that the word immediately following the subject mutates, but that there is no mutation after ddim: Ga i fynd? Cha i ddim mynd Alternative method of forming conveying the short Future Tense - for all verbs, regular and irregular.

Wna i ddim dysgur gwaith. Wnei di ddim prynu car newydd eleni - You wont buy a new car this year. Wnawn ni ddim mynd ir parti. Wnewch chi ddim talur bil. Wnn nhw ddim cofior gwaith. Wna i ddysgur gwaith? Wnei di b rynu car newydd eleni? Wnawn ni fynd ir parti? Wnewch chi d alur bil? Wnn nhw gofior gwaith? The Conditional would Tense. These forms are again followed by the linking yn which causes no mutation. I wouldnt you fam wouldnt you pol wouldnt he wouldnt she wouldnt Dilys wouldnt.

The Question and Answer forms Faswn i? Faset ti? Fasech chi? Fasai hi? Fasai Dilys? Would I? Would you fam? Would you pol? Would he? Would she? Would Dilys?

The Negative replies are formed as usual by placing Na in front of the Affirmative forms, not forgetting the Soft Mutation.

Faswn i ddim yn gwneud sn. Fasair plant yn cerdded ir ysgol? The second half of would sentences The second half of a would sentence, whether it comes at the beginning or at the end, usually begins with if.. In English, the verb which follows is often a Past Tense verb - but on further investigation, it isnt really the Past Tense thats required.

I would buy a new car, if I had enough money. I would buy a new car, if I were to have enough money. I would buy a new car, if I would have enough money. If they were to go to Moscow, they would see the Kremlin. If they would go to Moscow, they would see the Kremlin. Taset tin mynd ir parti, fe faswn in mynd hefyd. Tasen nhwn gyfoethog, fe fasen nhwn prynu iot.

There is no linking ynafter these forms and the verb-nouns which follow these short Affirmative forms undergo a Soft Mutation. I wouldnt like You wouldnt like fam You wouldnt like pol He wouldnt like She wouldnt like Dilys wouldnt like. There is no linking ynafter these forms and there is no mutation in the verb-nouns which follow these short Negative forms.

The Question and answer forms Hoffwn i? Hoffet ti? Hoffech chi? Hoffai hi? Hoffai Dilys? Would I like? Would you like? Would she like? Would Dilys like? There is no linking yn after these forms and the verb -nouns which follow these short Question forms undergo a Soft Mutation. Hoffen ni ddim bwyta malwod.

Hoffet ti gael porc i ginio? Notice that there is no linking yn after this pattern and the verb-noun which follows the Affirmative forms undergoes a Soft Mutation. Notice that there is no linking yn after this pattern and the verb-noun follows immediately without a mutation. The Question and answer forms Ddylwn i? Ddylet ti? Ddylech chi? Ddylai hi? Ddylai Dilys? Should I? Should you? Should she? Should Dilys?

The verb-noun which follows the Question forms undergoes a Soft Mutation. As usual the Negative reply is formed by placing Na in front of the Affirmative forms - remembering the Soft Mutation. Dylwn Na ddylwn -.

Ddylen ni ddim yfed gormod o alcohol. Ddylet ti gael salad i ginio? Mae rhaid iddo fe S. Mae rhaid iddi hi -. The Negative forms To make a negative statement, change Mae to Does dim. Does dim rhaid i ni Does dim rhaid iddi hi. The Question forms To ask a question, change Mae to Oes?

Oes rhaid i chi? Oes rhaid iddyn nhw? In the Past Tense use Roedd, Oedd? The verb noun which follows the full rhaid must pattern undergoes a Soft Mutation. We often omit Mae in ordinary speech. Mae rhaid iddyn nhw dd ysgu Cymraeg. Oes rhaid i ti fynd adre? Youll notice that the initial verb form which is used with rhaid is always in the 3rd person singular. This is true of all tenses. Mae rhaid i Roedd rhaid i. The full pattern doesnt have to be used. Its possible to make an impersonal statement by placing a verb noun immediately after rhaid - thus avoiding the mutation!

Mae rhaid mynd ir gwelyn gynnar heno. Mae rhaid ffonio John. Prepositions which follow certain verbs It is important to learn some verbs with the preposition which follows them - because these can vary from language to language. This is arguably the most difficult element in any language as there is often no logical explanation for the use of a particular preposition after a certain verb consider the following in English - fill in, fill out, fill up; work out; cut up; drink up; listen to; think of; round up; bring about etc.

Remember that these prepositions have personal forms - they conjugate, See Section CH for more details. Regular verbs Most verbs fall into this group Endings are added to the stem or root of the verb This is usually found by dropping the final syllable e. There is sometimes a change of spelling in the root dweud cyrraedd aros gwrando gadael cymryd meddwl i.

The noun which directly follows a command the direct object undergoes a Soft Mutation. Irregular verbs These are all different and have to be learnt individually. Here are the three most often used. Peidiwch siarad Saesneg! Peidiwch siarad Saeneg! Paid rhedeg ar y lawnt! Technically, the preposition should form part of this pattern, but it is often dropped in speech. If the is used, notice the Aspirate Mutation.

Peidiwch cherdded ar y lawnt! Paid phrynu sglodion! Peidiwch ag eistedd wrth y ffenest! Paid ag agor y ffenest! Cysyllteiriau - Conjunctions 1. Rhifau - Numbers 1. We always use a singular noun after numbers in Welsh.

In English we only use the singular forms hundred, thousand, million etc after numbers. There are masculine and feminine forms of the numbers 2, 3 and 4. The numbers pump five , chwech six and cant hundred drop the final consonant when they stand immediately in front of a noun. Feminine nouns undergo a Soft Mutation after un one except those nouns which begin with ll or rh. Masculine nouns after dau two and feminine nouns after dwy two undergo a Soft Mutation.

Masculine nouns undergo an Aspirate Mutation after tri three See A. There is no mutation after tair, the feminine form for three. All nouns, masculine and feminine undergo an Aspirate Mutation after chwe. When giving someones age, whether male or female, re member to use the feminine forms dwy two , tair three and pedair four which refer to the number of years, which is a feminine noun in Welsh.

Mae hin ddwy oed. Roedd Gwyn yn bedair oed ddoe. It i s also possible to convey plurals by using a number followed by o followed again by the plural form of the noun.

This can cause a problem as plural forms are irregular and do not follow any particular pattern. Rhagenwau - Pronouns 1. The singular possessive pronouns cause mutations. Sometimes a confirming pronoun is used after the noun.

This happens more often in the spoken language - but it can be omitted. However, if the possessor needs to be emphasized, it is this confirming pronoun which is stressed in Welsh. Dyma fy llyfr i a dacw dy lyfr di ar y bwrdd. See N. The confirming pronoun for fy is i. Other letters remain unchanged. The confirming pronoun for dy is di. The confirming pronoun for ei his is e in South Wales and o in North Wales.

The confirming pronoun for ei is hi. Remember that wand yare vowels in Welsh. The plural possessive pronouns ein our , eich your and eu their do not cause mutations. But like ei her , both ein our and eu their cause an h to grow before a vowel. The confirming pronoun for ein our is ni. The confirming pronoun for eich your is chi. The confirming pronoun for eu their is nhw. Remember that a long verb is one made up of the verb to be linked by yn or wedi to a verb -noun.

I will be telephoning her tonight. We dont know them. Have they answered you? Ydyn nhw wedi eich ateb chi? The possessive pronouns will cause the verb -nouns to undergo the different mutations mentioned above.

She was reading it the book - masc. I cant hear you. Does he love her? Cyffredinol - General 1. Note the difference between the following adref gartref cartref e. Mae hin mynd adre ar l cinio. Mae hin byw gartre.

Mae cartre hyfryd gan Mair. Mae hi wedi prynu llyfr Cymraeg. Dw in gweithio yn y Swyddfa Gymreig. Sut roedd y tywydd yn Ffrainc? Pa mor bell ydy Llundain o Fangor? Mae John wedi mynd i nl y car or garej. Maer llyfr wedi mynd yn l ir llyfrgell. Both sound the same when spoken 7. Note the difference between the following gwario treulio e.

Mae Mair yn treulio ei gwyliau yn y siopau yn gwario arian. Roedden nhwn meddwl bod y plant yn chwarae y parc. Dw in meddwl fy mod in mynd i Lundain yfory. Fe ddwedon nhw eu bod nhwn rhydd. Mi ddudon nhw eu bod nhwn rhydd. Dw in sir ei bod hi wedi mynd adre. The bod pattern is also used after the following words achos because er even though e.

Mae Mair yn y gwely achos ei bod hin sl. The guide provides an overview of each step in the progression of skills needed to learn to speak, read and understand Welsh. In the previous steps, you learned a lot about Welsh greetings, Welsh nouns and Welsh adjectives. In this step, we discuss learning Welsh verbs. You'll see an easy to follow lesson which includes numerous useful examples in both Welsh and English.

To get started with step 1, simply click the 9-step speedometer symbol. Or you can move ahead to step 9, by clicking the Next Step button Welsh possessive pronouns. A full 20 pages of exercises in English and Welsh to help you learn essential words and phrases in the language. We suggest printing out the Welsh exercise book and doing the exercises with a pen or pencil. This tried and trusted learning method is a refreshing choice in this digital age.

This learn Welsh workbook includes 's of words and phrases in Welsh. Toggle navigation. Pick a Language More Welsh courses Support. Login Sign Up xyz. Learn Welsh grammar! Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. A Welsh grammar, historical and comparative : phonology and accidence Item Preview.

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